Question: Are you able/willing to remove the daughterboard and post a pic of it here? maybe taking a look at it, and knowing how it is connected (3rd pic) somebody here can help understand what it is for.
Regards.
https://wiki.neogeodev.org/index.php?title=MVS_cartridgeSome carts like King of Fighters '98 - Dream Match Never Ends had Altera MAX CPLDs as protection devices.
That certainly doesn't look like a repair, and everything else looks original. Does the game run any differently from the other copies without the daughter board?